We share this list of talking points from the Howard Zinn Papers (archives) located in the “Course Syllabi: ‘Introduction to Political Theory,’ 1968-1987” folder housed at New York University’s Tamiment Library.

"Introduction to Political Theory," Spring 1976 Syllabus, page 1, by Howard Zinn
A Few Cryptic Notes on Power and Powerlessness (circa 1976) by Howard Zinn

By Howard Zinn

Introduction to Political Theory” course syllabus at Boston University and related talking points, circa 1976. Published with permission of the Howard Zinn Revocable Trust.

PO 590 Introduction to Political Theory, Spring, 1976 [Excerpts]

Our Problem for the Semester: Power and Powerlessness.

  1. The cultivation of passivity through ideology and practice.
  2. Resistance to this in history, in future possibilities.
  3. Seeing this problem via liberalism, Marxism, anarchism.

Schedule of Lectures by the Week:

The ideology of passivity. Demystification — (START GOLDMAN)

  1. The ideology of passivity in political theory. 
    Liberal idea of objectivity, Marxian concept of ideology.
  2. The intellectual as servant (Machiavelli, Kissinger)
    The servant as rebel (More and . . . .) (READ BRANFMAN)
  3. Loyalty, obligation, the state. (READ PLATO)
    Disobedience. Marxist & anarchist views of the state.
  4. The idea of representative government. (READ DAHL)
    Marxist & anarchist critiques of representation.
  5. Accident, aberration. Liberalism & explanation.
    The Marxian idea of structure (READ MARX & ENGELS)
  6. History & passivity. History and potency (READ NIETZSCHE)
  7. Human nature: obedience & aggressiveness (START BRECHER)
    Acting Out: Passivity and Potency in the Workplace
  8. The culture of obedience in the modern workplace.
    Organization & consciousness. Film: The Inheritance.
  9. Traditional & revolutionary unionism. The IWW at Lawrence.
  10. The problem of violence. Ideology from above. Myths below.
    The Ludlow Massacre.
  11. The sit-down strikes & the New Deal. Legalism & reform.
  12. Workers’ control.
    The Lip experience and others.
  13. Women at work. Boston University.
    Sex, class, the problem of unity.
  14. Professionals as workers (teachers, lawyers, nurses, etc.)
    Problems of power and unity.
 

A Few Cryptic Notes on Power and Powerlessness [Excerpt]

Vulnerability of the Powerful:

  1. The more complicated the mechanism of control the more points of possible breakdown.
  2. Technology becomes arrogant, overconfident — ultimately it depends on human judgement.
  3. Control in mass society requires legitimacy, confidence, obedience.
  4. Control by a few over many depends on fragmentation of the many.
  5. In an advanced society, control depends on everyone working.
  6. Control requires the loyalty of guards and servants.

Powers of the Powerless:

(the political counterpart of guerrilla tactics)

  1. Sheer numbers can be hard to control, especially with dispersal.
  2. Organization of energy can make up for lack of resources.
  3. Mobility works against a powerful, lumbering foe.
  4. Timing, surprise.
  5. The willingness to use time, that is, protracted, patient struggle, wearing the enemy down through endurance and sacrifice.
  6. The power of morale, based on utopian visions, present comradeship.
  7. The maintenance of subterranean communications, information.

 

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